Characteristics of alkenones synthesized by a bloom of emiliania huxleyi in the Bering Sea

We investigated the characteristics of the alkenones produced by a bloom of Emiliania huxleyi in the eastern Bering Sea in 2000. Alkenones were detected in surface waters between 57°N and 63°N, where phosphate concentrations were low and the ammonium/nitrate ratio was high. The total alkenone content (C37:2, C37:3, and C37:4) ranged from 22.0 to 349 mug g-1 in suspended particles and from 0.109 to 1.42 mug g-1 in surface sediments. This suggests that a large proportion of the particulate alkenones synthesized in the surface water rapidly degraded within the water column and/or at the water-sediment interface of the Bering Shelf. The change in the stable carbon isotopic composition (delta13C) of C37:3 alkenone could not be explained only by variation in [CO2(aq)] in the surface water but also depended on the growth rate of E. huxleyi. The alkenone unsaturation index (UKʹ37) was converted into an alkenone "temperature" with three equations ([Reference to Prahl et al 1988]; [Reference to Sikes et al 1997] and [Reference to Müller et al 1998]); [Reference to Sikes et al.ʹs (1997)] equation gave the best correlation with the observed sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern Bering Sea. However, some temperatures estimated by [Reference to Sikes et al.ʹs (1997)] equation from the UKʹ37 varied from the observed SST, possibly because of the rapidly changing rate of alkenone synthesis in the logarithmic growth stage or the low rate of alkenone synthesis when nutrients were limiting. Temperatures estimated from UKʹ37 in the surface sediments (6.8–8.2°C) matched the observed SST in September (7–8°C) but differed from the annual average SST of 4 to 5°C, suggesting that most of the alkenone in the eastern Bering Sea was synthesized during limited periods, for instance, in September. The relative amounts of C37:4 alkenone as proportions of the total alkenones (referred to as C37:4%) were high, ranging from 18.3 to 41.4%. Low-salinity water (<32 psu) within the study area would have contributed to the high C37:4% because a negative linear relationship between C37:4% and salinity was found in this study.