Effect of a low dose of aluminum on mitotic and meiotic activity, 4C DNA content, and pollen sterility in rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Lalat

Aluminum toxicity in acidic soils poses a major threat to plant growth and development. The effects of a low dose of aluminum (50 μM, AlCl3) on various cytological parameters, including mitotic and meiotic chromosomal divisions, in situ nuclear DNA content, interphase nuclear volume (INV), and pollen fertility were compared in untreated (controls) and treated rice plants (Oryza sativa cv. Lalat). The results showed varied chromosomal abnormalities, including chromosome stickiness, laggards, sticky bridge, occurrence of micronuclei, as well as binucleate and multinucleated cells, as a result of aluminum treatment. Aluminum toxicity also inhibited to a small extent the growth of the rice cultivar Lalat. The mitotic and meiotic indexes, even after a prolonged period of recovery, were significantly low. The chromosomal anomalies in the meiotic cells persisted, and plants exhibited a high percentage of pollen sterility ( 64%). The nuclear DNA content declined markedly from 11.85 pg in the control to 6.30 pg in the treated plants. The INV also varied significantly between the untreated (controls) and the treated plants. The occurrences of different types of chromosomal aberrations, reduction in the amount of nuclear DNA, and persistence of the phytotoxic effects at the post-treatment stage suggest carcinogenic effects of aluminum on rice plants. The presence of aluminum in acidic soils might thus be extremely hazardous and might cause permanent cytotoxic disorder in rice plants.