Parasitoids Associated withCydia strobilella(L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Europe, and Considerations for Their Use for Biological Control in North America

The parasitoid complex ofCydia strobilella(L.), a Holarctic pest of spruce cones, was investigated at several sites in Central Europe and Scandinavia.Trichogrammasp. was reared from eggs. Larval parasitism was dominated by the ichneumonidsPhaedroctonus moderator(L.) andLiotryphon strobilellae(L.) and the braconidBracon pinetiThoms.; the ichneumonidScambus capitatorAubert, the eulophidElachertus geniculatus(Zett.), and the torymidMonodontomerus strobiliMayr were less abundant. A pupal parasitoid, the ichneumonidTycherus fuscibucca(Berth.), is likely associated withC. strobilella.Each parasitoidʹs biology is presented. A review of the North American parasitoid complex ofC. strobilellasuggests thatTrichogrammasp.,P. moderator, L. strobilellae,andT. fuscibuccamay be considered for further investigation as biological control agents in North America.