Optimization of compact lateral, vertical, and combined tapered spot-size converters by use of the beam-propagation method

A study of lateral, vertical, and combined spot-size converters is presented that employs fullvectorial numerical techniques such as modal solution and beam propagation based on the finiteelement method. Spot-size expansion, coupling efficiency to an optical fiber, the mode-beating phenomenon, and transmission losses are demonstrated for all three spot-size-converter designs. Optimization of the device fabrication parameters is also reported. A significant improvement in the coupling efficiency and reduction of the device length are achieved when the length and the width are changed simultaneously.