Dry deposition and internal circulation of nitrogen, sulphur and base cations to a coniferous forest

The dry deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and base cations to a spruce stand was estimated during a five year period using a surrogate surface resembling needles, throughfall and bulk deposition measurements. The deposition was calculated from the ratio between the deposition of an ion and sodium on the surrogate surface and the net throughfall of sodium to the forest. The dry deposition represented a large fraction of the total atmospheric input of base cations. For Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ they were 66, 67, 53 and 42%, respectively. The internal circulation was 95% of non-marine net throughfall fro K+ and 76% for Ca2+. The dry deposition of SO2 to the canopies regulates the internal circulation of Ca2+. The dry deposition of SO2 to the canopies regulates the internal circulation of Ca2+. The dry depositions of ammonium and nitrate are close to the net throughfall of Kjeldahl-N and nitrate, respectively. The obtained deposition velocities are comparable to other studies. The calculated dry deposition of ammonium was compared to the net throughfall of ammonium at three nearby forest stands receiving different ammonium amounts on the soils. No correlation to nitrogen level was found, but most ammonium was lost and converted to organic nitrogen in the canopies of the wettest forest stand.