Hilatar, a limited area simulation model of acid contaminants—Part I: model description and verification

The three-dimensional model Hilatar, designed to study and predict the physico-chemical transport, transformation and deposition of various trace constituents over Europe and its subparts is shortly described. The performance of individual algorithms and comparison with parameterisation with other models are discussed. In comparison with measurements at the EMEP network stations both the modelled concentrations and deposition were rather close to the observations. NO2 was somewhat underestimated while NO3+HNO3 was over-estimated indicating that there are missing chemical sinks of nitrogen compounds. The reasons for the model-measurement deviations at individual stations are discussed.