A case study of the single and size-resolved particles in roadway tunnel in Seoul, Korea

Particle sampling was conducted at the center of Buk-Ak tunnel, which is one of heavily polluted tunnels in Seoul, in October 2000. The sampling equipments consist of a 2-stage filter pack sampler and an Andersen impactor sampler. Micro-particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) was applied to determine the elemental composition of individual particles (>1.2 μm). The thermal/optical reflectance (TOR®) method was also employed in analyzing of EC and OC. Mass concentrations of fine and coarse particles are 177 and 40 μg m−3, respectively. The most important contributor to particle mass concentration in the present study is carbonaceous components. Most of the individual particles are found to be internally mixed with soil-derived and trace elemental components.