Review of aquatic monitoring program design

A review of surface and ground water quality monitoring program design publications from 1970 to early 1995 is presented. Sections of the review deal separately with information goals, data analysis, types of designs and regional programs, then with aspects of sampling such as indicators of water quality, the spatial distribution of sampling sites, sampling frequency, computer-aided methodologies and the cost-effectiveness of designs. Groundwater monitoring is reviewed in a separate section. A summary provides comments on the present state of aquatic monitoring practice, and delineates areas of research which the authors believe require both immediate and long-term consideration.