Chlorinated C1- and C2-hydrocarbons and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine waters: An overview on fate processes, sampling, analysis and measurements

This overview focuses on fate processes and methods for the sampling and analysis of 13 chlorinated C1- and C2-hydrocarbons and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine water samples. Reported results obtained by analysing field samples with the methods described are summarized. The main sources and the input pathways by which the volatiles enter the marine environment are presented. Removal mechanisms like degradation and exchange with other environmental compartments, especially the atmosphere, are briefly discussed. Sampling systems and analytical techniques are reviewed. Aspects like contamination generated by the sampling materials or treatment and storage of the samples until analysis are discussed. The performance of preconcentration techniques such as liquid extraction, purge-and-trap and other (less often used) techniques are compared. Details on the analyses sensu strictu (separation, detection, limits of detection and reproducibility) are given. Finally, results of measurements of these compounds in estuaries, beach waters, bays, fjords, coastal and shelf sea waters and open seas are presented.