Trees within trees: phylogeny and historical associations

The association between two or more lineages over evolutionary time is a recurrent theme spanning several different fields within biology, from molecular evolution to coevolution and biogeography. In each ‘historical associationʹ, one lineage is associated with another, and can be thought of as tracking the other over evolutionary time with a greater or lesser degree of fidelity. Examples include genes tracking organisms, parasites tracking hosts and organisms tracking geological and geographical changes. Parallels among these problems raise the tantalizing prospect that each is a special case of a more general problem, and that a single analytical tool can be applied to all three kinds of association.