Relationship of diabetes-specific knowledge to self-management activities, ambulatory preventive care, and metabolic outcomes

Background. Educational interventions increase diabetes patientsʹ knowledge and self-care activities, but their impact on the use of health services to prevent diabetes complications is unclear. We sought to determine the relationship of patientsʹ diabetes-specific knowledge with self-management behaviors, use of ambulatory preventive care, and metabolic outcomes. Methods. We surveyed 670 adults with diabetes from three managed care plans to assess diabetes knowledge (using an eight-item scale) and self-management activities. With chart review, we assessed five processes of care—retinal and foot examinations, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) testing, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing, and urine microalbumin testing—and three metabolic outcomes—HbA1c ≤9.5%, LDL-C <130 mg/dL (3.36 mmol/L), and last blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. Results. In adjusted analyses, a one-point increase on the knowledge scale was associated with following a diabetes diet (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.38), blood glucose self-measurement (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13–1.48), and regular exercise (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.28) but not with processes of care or metabolic outcomes. Conclusions. Knowledgeable patients were more likely to perform self-management activities but not to receive recommended ambulatory care or reach metabolic outcome goals. Providing patient education about diabetes care processes should be tested as a means of increasing ambulatory care to prevent diabetes complications.