Calculation of population attributable risk for bidi smoking and oral cancer in south Asia

individual study basis, while they were 31.4% and 24.1%, respectively, based on OR derived from fixed- and random-effects models. PAR% was 5.8% and 8.7% based on single study estimate from Pakistan and Sri Lanka, respectively. Conclusions Bidi smoking is considered to account for a sizeable number of oral cancers in south Asian countries, which implies that cessation programs should be formulated and implemented vigorously.