Prevalence and Causes of Undernutrition in Medical Outpatients

Purpose: To assess the prevalence, common causes, and frequency of recognition and treatment of undernutrition in older and younger medical outpatients using a cross-sectional survey design with 2-year follow-up of undernourished subjects. Patients and Methods: Charts of 1017 adult patients attending a hospital outpatient department were reviewed for the presence of undernutrition, and 85 patients meeting inclusion criteria for undernutrition were evaluated and followed for 2 years. An initial evaluation focused on nutritional, cognitive, and affective status and on nutritional attitudes using two subscales of the EAT-26 eating disorder inventory. After 2 years, initial data plus outpatient records were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers to determine a primary cause of undernutrition and to assess the recognition and treatment of undernutrition by the primary physician. Results: Undernutrition was identified in 46 (11%) and 44 (7%) of older and younger subjects respectively; odds ratio (OR) (95% [confidence interval (CI)]) for older versus younger = 1.65 (1.06 to 2.51). The primary cause of undernutrition differed between age groups but was deemed treatable in nearly 90% of all subjects. Undernutrition was recognized in 19 (43%) older subjects and 5 (12%) younger subjects (OR = 5.47 [1.87 to 16.0]), and appropriate intervention(s) were instituted in 6 (14%) and 2 (5%) of older and younger subjects, respectively (OR = 3.08 [0.668 to 14.2]). Older subjects scored higher on the EAT-26 oral control subscale than did younger subjects (4.7 versus 2.5, P = 0.004) but similarly on the EAT-26 dieting subscale (5.2 versus 6.3, P = 0.332); these relationships did not change with control for potentially confounding variables. Conclusions: In this study, undernutrition was relatively common, usually amenable to treatment, but frequently undetected and undertreated in both older and younger medical outpatients. Older undernourished subjects exhibited higher oral control needs than younger persons, which may have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of their malnutrition. Further improvement in detection and intervention is warranted in both younger and older age groups.