Dairy genetic improvement through artificial insemination,performance recording and genetic evaluation

Van Doormaal, B. J. and Kistemaker, G. J. 2003. Dairy genetic improvement through artificial insemination, performance recording and genetic evaluation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 385-392. Artificial insemination (Al) of dairy cattle in Canada was started more than half a century ago and today it is estimated that at least 75% of all dairy cattle nationally are bred using this common reproductive technology. A Best Linear Unbiased Prediction sire model for estimating genetic evaluations for production traits was introduced in 1975. The combination of extensive use of Al with genetic evaluations for bulls and cows has resulted in significant phenotypic and genetic gains over the past 20 yr. In the Holstein breed, mature equivalent yields have increased by an average of 200 kg milk, 7.0 kg fat and 6.3 kg protein per year since 1980. Genetically, the relative emphasis realized for production traits versus overall type during the past 5 yr has followed the 60:40 breeding goal represented in the Lifetime Profit Index, which has increased at an average rate of 0.28 standard units per year. Examination of the generation interval in the Canadian Holstein breed, associated with each of the four pathways for genetic improvement, indicates a 46% increase in the rate of annual genetic gain today compared to 20 yr ago. The increased accuracy and intensity of selection associated with the use of Al and genetic evaluations have also contributed to the rates of phenotypic and genetic progress achieved over the years. In the future, Al will continue to be a critical component of the genetic gains possible in dairy cattle breeding but it will be complemented by other reproductive technologies aimed at further reducing generation intervals and increasing the accuracy and selection of intensity, especially on the female side.