Recurrent coronary arteriovenous fistula associated with in-stent restenosis of graft stent

Recent studies showed that graft stenting for treating the coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) is satisfactory. One major drawback of graft stenting is that it is difficult to completely seal off the CAVF and it has recurrence of CAVF and high incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) or thrombus. We report a unique case of the patient with recurrent CAVF, ISR, and thrombus who underwent graft stents implantation.