Multiple accessory pathways, dual AV nodal physiology, non-compacted myocardium and patent foramen ovale in a patient with Ebsteinʹs anomaly: Report of a case

Ebsteinʹs anomaly is a rare congenital cardiac disease initially described by Wilhelm Ebstein in 1866. The primary pathology involves significant apical displacement of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet and the presence of a redundant, elongated, anterior tricuspid valve leaflet. This congenital malformation has multiple known associated morphological and electrophysiological cardiac pathologies. In the present article, we report, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, a case of Ebsteinʹs anomaly with multiple accessory bypass tracts, dual AV nodal physiology, non-compacted left ventricular myocardium and a patent foramen ovale. Indeed, complete evaluation of the left heart is required in cases of Ebsteinʹs anomaly to accurately assess left ventricular myocardial structure.