Algebraic series and valuation rings over nonclosed fields

Suppose that k is an arbitrary field. Let k[[x1,…,xn]] be the ring of formal power series in n variables with coefficients in k. Let image be the algebraic closure of k and image. We give a simple necessary and sufficient condition for σ to be algebraic over the quotient field of k[[x1,…,xn]]. We also characterize valuation rings V dominating an excellent Noetherian local domain R of dimension 2, and such that the rank increases after passing to the completion of a birational extension of R. This is a generalization of the characterization given by M. Spivakovsky [Valuations in function fields of surfaces, Amer. J. Math. 112 (1990) 107–156] in the case when the residue field of R is algebraically closed.