Microalbuminuria as a marker of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes

Diabetes is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease and most patients with diabetes die of cardiovascular complications. Reduction of cardiovascular risk is therefore a high priority in the management of patients with diabetes. Microalbuminuria is an important predictor of cardiovascular events and forms one of the components of the insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome, which confers a particularly high risk of cardiovascular death. The currently available glucose-lowering agents vary considerably in their ability to reduce microalbuminuria. The sulfonylureas and metformin appear to have little effect on microalbuminuria expressed as urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, while the thiazolidinediones have unique effects on this risk factor, in parallel with their effects on insulin resistance. In two 1-year European multicenter, randomized, double-blind monotherapy trials (n = 2444), pioglitazone produced similar reductions in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio to gliclazide and greater reductions than metformin (P < 0.001). Similarly, two further 1-year European multicenter, randomized, double-blind trials assessed the effects of add-on therapy (n = 1269) on urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. In the first study, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was reduced by pioglitazone add-on to sulfonylurea (− 15%), but was largely unaffected by metformin add-on to sulfonylurea (2%; P < 0.05). In the second, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was also reduced by pioglitazone add-on to metformin (−10%), but increased by gliclazide add-on to metformin (6%, P < 0.05). The results of these studies indicated that compared with metformin or gliclazide, pioglitazone may provide therapeutic benefits, over and above those due to improved glycemic control. These include significant reductions in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, a known cardiovascular risk marker.