Conservation of the red-winged grasshopper, Oedipoda germanica (Latr.): the influence of reproductive behaviour Original Research Article

Reproductive isolation can function as a mechanism to maintain locally adapted gene complexes while decreasing the heterozygosity in distinct populations. As a result, reproductive behaviour should be considered a fundamental factor influencing reproductive isolation. This is of interest to conservation biology when one desires to regulate gene flow between two populations either by creating opportunities for increased dispersal, by relocation of individuals, or by re-introduction of a species to its natural habitat. Reproductive behaviour can also influence the effective population size and the actual population size through the Allee effect. We investigated the reproductive behaviour of individuals from two isolated populations of the red winged grasshopper, Oedipoda germanica, an endangered species in Central Europe. We detail several methods to show how several aspects of the reproductive behaviour of this species interact with the conservation of this species. Foreign males were not disfavoured in mate choice and male body size was also unimportant in mating success. Heterogamic matings were as productive as homogamic matings in terms of total number of eggs per female, egg hatching rate, or nymph survival. Therefore, we suggest that cross-matings of individuals from different populations do not positively influence population size by heterosis effects nor act they negatively in the form of outbreeding depression. We found that female O. germanica were able to store viable sperm for extended periods but egg pods showed a decrease in hatching rate when these females were deprived of additional mating opportunities. Multiple mated females laid more eggs than once-mated females. Hence, females are capable of founding new populations even after only one mating but their reproductive output may be reduced. Present-day gene flow between populations of O. germanica probably does not occur. Consequently, there is an urgent need to pursue habitat management and release programmes that maintain current population sizes of this species. With regard to the reproductive behaviour of the red-winged grasshopper, we suggest that relocation programmes release males and female together and at an early adult stage. Also, because female reproductive output increases with mating activity, the initial release should involve excess females. Because males have a shorter lifespan than females a subsequent release of males at a later time may enhance the overall success of local conservation efforts by resulting in more offspring per female.