Spatial and temporal responses of forest birds to human approaches in a protected area and implications for two management strategies Original Research Article

Little is known about the responses of forest birds, other than raptors, to human disturbance despite their being highly sensitive to habitat disruption. We tested five hypotheses about the spatial and temporal interactions between recreationists and wildlife by using five South American birds as model species. We measured two components of flight distance, horizontal (distance between a visitor and the base of a perching tree) and vertical (distance between the base of a tree and the perch), and estimated the third diagonal component (distance between a visitor and the perch). We found that (a) the relationships between horizontal and vertical components of flight distance were negative (rufus-collared sparrow, golden-billed saltator, chiguanco thrush), positive (spot-winged pigeon), and neutral (bay-winged cowbird), suggesting that different components are used as clues to the proximity of people when birds vacated the perching tree; (b) the distance to the nearest pathway correlated positively with flight distance components of two species (bay-winged cowbird and spot-winged pigeon); and (c) physical structure of the vegetation affected differently flight distances of all species. Interspecific comparisons showed that (d) all flight distance components increased linearly with body size, and (e) species differed in landing distances but not in response duration: large-bodied species tended to land farther than smaller-bodied ones. By implementing buffer zones (areas without access to visitors), spatial restrictions would conflict with recreational activities. We recommend re-distributing (but not restricting) human visitation by varying the number of visitors and area of visitation according to the spatial requirements of differently sized species.