Analysis of samples of cerebrospinal fluid, thoracic ultrasonography and arthrocentesis/radiography of joints as ancillary aids to clinical diagnosis and treatment in small ruminant practice

Two useful ancillary tests for the busy small ruminant practitioner are analysis of samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, collected from unusual and/or problematic cases, and thoracic ultrasonography in suspected chronic respiratory disease of adult sheep. In contrast, arthrocentesis and radiography of joint lesions in adult sheep can prove misleading and should be interpreted with caution.