Analysis of longitudinal data with irregular, outcome-dependent follow-up

A frequent problem in longitudinal studies is that subjects may miss scheduled visits or be assessed at self-selected points in time. As a result, observed outcome data may be highly unbalanced and the availability of the data may be directly related to the outcome measure and/or some auxiliary factors that are associated with the outcome. If the follow-up visit and outcome processes are correlated, then marginal regression analyses will produce biased estimates. Building on the work of Robins, Rotnitzky and Zhao, we propose a class of inverse intensity-of-visit process-weighted estimators in marginal regression models for longitudinal responses that may be observed in continuous time. This allows us to handle arbitrary patterns of missing data as embedded in a subjectʹs visit process. We derive the large sample distribution for our inverse visit-intensity-weighted estimators and investigate their finite sample behaviour by simulation. Our approach is illustrated with a data set from a health services research study in which homeless people with mental illness were randomized to three different treatments and measures of homelessness (as percentage days homeless in the past 3 months) and other auxiliary factors were recorded at follow-up times that are not fixed by design.