Phase transitions, universality and superuniversality in mortality evolution

The probability to survive a given age x yields a phase transition at a certain value x* of the mean lifespan . There the rate of the survival evolution has a jump. The critical x* is independent of age, population and living conditions. The dependence of on x and is reduced to the functions of x only. They determine the universal , which for all x and agrees with experimental data without any adjustable parameters. In advanced and old age the functions of age are superuniversal – in dimensionless variables they are the same for species as remote as humans and flies. The implications of the presented results for evolution and genetics of mortality are discussed.