Effective potential for complex Langevin equations Original Research Article

We construct an effective potential for the complex Langevin equation on a lattice. We show that the minimum of this effective potential gives the space–time and Langevin time average of the complex Langevin field. The loop expansion of the effective potential is matched with the derivative expansion of the associated Schwinger–Dyson equation to predict the stationary distribution to which the complex Langevin equation converges.