Rephasing invariants of quark and lepton mixing matrices Original Research Article

Rephasing invariants of quark and lepton mixing matrices are obtained in the Standard Model extended by the seesaw mechanism, and in its low-energy effective theory with the dimension-five Majorana mass operator. We classify the basic invariants, discuss non-trivial relations between them, and determine the independent invariants which characterize all the information in the mixing matrices in a basis-independent way. We also discuss the restrictions on the allowed ranges for the mixing phases, and on the rephasing invariants, which follow from a discrete invariance of the Majorana mass matrix.