Complexity of tree homomorphisms Original Research Article

For a fixed oriented tree T, we consider the complexity of deciding whether or not a given digraph G is homomorphic to T. It was shown by Gutjahr, Woeginger and Welzl that there exist trees T for which this homomorphism problem is NP-complete. However, it seems difficult to decide just which trees T yield NP-complete homomorphism problems. In this paper, we first identify a class of simple trees with NP-complete homomorphism problems; these trees have exactly one vertex of degree 3 and all other vertices of degree 1 or 2. Our smallest tree has only 45 vertices. (The previous known smallest NP-complete tree has 81 vertices.) In order to gain insight into the structure of oriented trees T which have NP-complete homomorphism problems, we list all subtrees that are necessary in such oriented trees.