Sorting with networks of data structures Original Research Article

We consider the problem of sorting a permutation using a network of data structures as introduced by Knuth and Tarjan. In general the model as considered previously was restricted to networks that are directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of stacks and/or queues. In this paper we study the question of which are the smallest general graphs that can sort an arbitrary permutation and what is their efficiency. We show that certain two-node graphs can sort in time image and no simpler graph can sort all permutations. We then show that certain three-node graphs sort in time image, and that there exist graphs of image nodes which can sort in time image, which is optimal.