A direct boundary integral method for the three-dimensional lifting flow Original Research Article

A regularized integral formulation in velocity vector terms for three-dimensional incompressible non-lifting and lifting flow is developed. In the case of lifting flow, the circulatory flow around the body is generated by a discrete distribution of inner vortices, and a vectorial equality in velocity terms is used as an equivalent of the equal-pressure Kutta condition. The numerical comparison with the panel method, in the case of non-lifting flow, shows the superiority of the present method. Also, a two-dimensional lifting flow is simulated (using a high spanwise wing) and comparison with the analytic solution shows a very good concordance even at high incidence.