Chaos and quantum chaos in cosmological models

Spatially homogeneous cosmological models reduce to Hamiltonian systems in a low-dimensional Minkowskian space moving on the total energy shell H = 0. Close to the initial singularity some models (those of Bianchi type VIII and IX) can be reduced further, in a certain approximation, to a non-compact triangular billiard on a 2-dimensional (2D) space of constant negative curvature with a separately conserved positive kinetic energy. This type of billiard has long been known as a prototype chaotic dynamical system. These facts are reviewed here together with some recent results on the energy level statistics of the quantized billiard and with direct explicit semi-classical solutions of the Hamiltonian cosmological model to which the billiard is an approximation. In the case of Bianchi type IX models the latter solutions correspond to the special boundary conditions of a ‘no-boundary state’ as proposed by Hartle and Hawking and of a ‘wormhole’ state.