Almost-Black-Holes: an old—new paradigm

The so-called Schwarzschild factor, which determines the relativistic redshift of almost-blackholes, is used to establish an analogy between redshift phenomena on three different mass levels: neutron stars, quasars and cosmos. Secondly, a topological argument of the surgery type is introduced to suggest the existence of a distance-dependent redshift law in almost-black-holes. Thirdly, an ‘embedding’ of the Friedmann ‘big bang’ solution into a more robust Schwarzschild neighborhood is proposed and discussed from the viewpoint of its internal stability.