Quarks confinement via Kaluza–Klein theory as a topological property of quantum classical spacetime phase transition

By introducing a curled fifth dimension, Kaluza–Klein theory predicted for the first time a connection between gravity and electromagnetism. An exacting look at this result shows that for a radius R of the fifth dimension equal to the Planck length, the coupling is exactly unity. The result is utilized to show that by introducing correction terms to the one loop renormalization equation of unification it can be made exact and subsequently quark confinement can be proven non-perturbatively as a property of the topology of quantum spacetime at the classical-quantum interface and the Planck phase transition.