Simulations of Q-ball formation

The fragmentation of the Affleck–Dine condensate is studied by utilizing (3+1)-dimensional numerical simulations. The (3+1)-dimensional simulations confirm that the fragmentation process is very similar to the results obtained by (2+1)-dimensional simulations. We find, however, that the average size of Q-balls in 3+1 dimensions is somewhat larger that in 2+1 dimensions. A filament type structure in the charge density is observed during the fragmentation process. The resulting final Q-ball distribution is strongly dependent on the initial conditions of the condensate and approaches a thermal one as the energy-charge ratio of the Affleck–Dine condensate increases.