Fragmentation in peripheral heavy-ion collisions: from neck emission to spectator decays

Invariant cross sections of intermediate mass fragments in peripheral collisions of 197Au on 197Au at incident energies between 40 and 150 MeV per nucleon have been measured with the 4π multi-detector INDRA. The maximum of the fragment production is located near mid-rapidity at the lower energies and moves gradually towards the projectile and target rapidities as the energy is increased. Schematic calculations within an extended Goldhaber model suggest that the observed cross section distributions and their evolution with energy are predominantly the result of the clustering requirement for the emerging fragments and of their Coulomb repulsion from the projectile and target residues. The quantitative comparison with transverse energy spectra and fragment charge distributions emphasizes the role of hard scattered nucleons in the fragmentation process.