Abstract :
This review briefly describes the concerns of nanobiotechnology in the design and development
of novel vaccines using the most known nanocarriers, including nature-made nanocarriers (such as
bacterial spores, virus-like particles, exosomes, and bacteriophages), man-made nanocarriers (such as
Proteosomes, liposomes, virosomes, SuperFluids, and nanobeads), and their applications in therapeutic
and protective immunization, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Here, we focus on the
development of nano-based vaccines as ``nanovaccinesʹʹ for inducing immune systems, and the foreseeable
promises and problems when compared with existing vaccines. Also, we review a potential nano-hazard
for vaccines, so-called nanobacterial contamination.
