Long-term fish and macro-crustacean community variation in a Mediterranean lagoon

The fish and macro-crustacean community of the Vaccare` s lagoon (Rhoˆ ne River delta, South France) was sampled monthly from 1993 to 2002. The lagoon salinity shifted from 15 in 1993 to 5 in 1994e1997 and went back to 15 in 1999e2002. Connections with the sea also varied during the study period with larger openings in 1996e1997. During the study period, the community changed to revert in 2002 to a state similar to 1993. These changes consisted of a sequence of increased and decreased patterns of freshwater species and some marine species. Typical lagoon species tended to resist to salinity changes. Freshwater species colonised the lagoon when the salinity was low. Marine species may have varied both in relation to connections with the sea and to indirect effects of freshwater outflow. This study shows that community changes following environmental variations can be delayed in time, and emphasises the need for long-term studies.