Varied presentation of the Thomsen–Friedenreich disaccharide tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen on gold nanoparticles Original Research Article

Three-dimensional self-assembled monolayers of gold coated with the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (TFag) disaccharide (β-Galp-(1→3)-GalpNAc) in a variety of presentations have been prepared and characterized. Anomalies in the size distribution of our originally synthesized TFag-bearing nanoparticles as shown in dynamic light scattering experiments prompted us to explore the effect of antigen density on the uniformity of the particles. Gold nanoparticles containing a range of densities ‘diluted’ with copies of the PEG-thiol spacer unit showed that lower antigen density affords more uniform particles. We also wanted to study the constitution of the actual antigen by synthesizing nanoparticles not only with the linker-extended disaccharide, but also within the context of the surrounding peptide sequence where it may be presented in vivo. The synthesis of TFag-containing glycopeptide thiols based on a mucin peptide repeating unit were prepared, assembled into gold nanoparticles and their physical properties evaluated. These novel multivalent tools should prove extremely useful in exploring the binding properties and immune response to this important carbohydrate antigen.