Presence and co-occurrence of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone in gluten-free and ethnic foods

The mycotoxins aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEA) are produced by fungal species can contaminate cereal-based food and therefore can be found alone or simultaneously in cereal-based commodities. The objectives of this study were, to study the occurrence of AFs, DON, FBs and ZEA in ethnic and gluten-free food samples from Lleida (Spain), and also to assess the exposure of immigrant and celiac population to the selected mycotoxins. Ethnic food and gluten-free samples were purchased in specialized grocery stores from Lleida (Spain). Mycotoxins were extracted and purified from the samples using immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) columns. Determination and quantification of AFs, ZEA and FBs was performed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector, and coupled to absorbance detector in case of DON. The results showed that FBs were widely found in corn-based foods purchased from special shops specialized on imported foods. DON was mainly found in cuscus and several corn-based ethnic foods. Several gluten-free food samples were contaminated by FBs (6 out of 18) and DON (2 out 18), while AFs and ZEA only were found in 6 ethnic foods samples. Considering these results, these special commodities should not be a health concern for these collectives; however, special attention should be focused on bulk imported foods distributed in special retail shops.