Investigations of cholesterol transformation during sewage treatment: relevance to estrogen formation pathways?

There is currently a great deal of concern over the observation of so-called estrogenic effects Žspecifically increases in the concentrations of the egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin. in male fish living in some UK rivers. The effects have been attributed to chemicals, including estrogenic steroids, which enter the rivers via sewage effluents. The origins of these estrogenic steroids in sewage may include contributions from the influents and possibly in situ transformation processes of other steroids occurring during sewage treatment. The present study examined the latter possibility. The bacterial metabolism of radiolabelled cholesterol during laboratory-simulated aerobic sewage treatment was studied by reverse phase radio-high performance liquid chromatography ŽrHPLC. and radio-gas chromatography ŽrGC. to examine the hypothesis that cholesterol could undergo A-ring aromatisation to form first, 19-norcholest-1,3,5Ž10.- trien-3-ol ŽNCT. and hence, by known bacterial pathways, the estrogenic steroid, estrone. The results showed that, to the contrary, much of the cholesterol Žapprox. 50% in 96 h. underwent rapid mineralisation to carbon dioxide, consistent with A-ring rupture Žrather than aromatisation. and -oxidation of the alkyl side chain as major transformation routes. Some polar Žearly-eluting. rHPLC products were observed, possibly steroidal conjugates and or fatty acids. Among the minor metabolites detected by rGC and GC-mass spectrometry ŽGC-MS. were cholest-3,5-diene and a second cholestadiene isomer. However, since alkenes were unexpected in this rHPLC fraction, they may arise as artefacts from thermal decomposition of cholesteryl esters, indicating that some cholesterol esterification had also occurred. In the alcohol rHPLC fractions, cholestadienol was identified by GC and GC-MS but neither NCT or estrone were detected. This suggests that, at least under these simulated conditions, in situ aromatisation of cholesterol to NCT and formation of estrone from NCT were not major processes.