Calculation of the optimal imaging parameters for frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

True atomic resolution of conductors and insulators is now routinely obtained in vacuum by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. So far, the imaging parameters i.e., eigenfrequency, stiffness and oscillation amplitude of the cantilever, frequency shift. which result in optimal spatial resolution for a given cantilever and sample have been found empirically. Here, we calculate the optimal set of parameters from first principles as a function of the tip–sample system. The result shows that the either the acquisition rate or the signal-to-noise ratio could be increased by up to two orders of magnitude by using stiffer cantilevers and smaller amplitudes than are in use today. q1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.