شناسه هاي افزوده :
پوركاظمي، محمد ،همكار طرح , مرتضائي، رضا ،همكار طرح , حافظيه، محمود ،همكار طرح , راست روان، محمد اسماعيل ،همكار طرح , نجار لشگري، سلطنت ،همكار طرح , شريفيان، منصور ،همكار طرح , كرمينسب،مصطفي ،همكار طرح , پورغلام، حمزه ،همكار طرح , عرفاني، ميثم ،همكار طرح , آژير، محمد تقي ،همكار طرح , جليل پور رودكلي،جليل ،همكار طرح , مخير، زهره ،همكار طرح , يوسفي، رحمت ،همكار طرح , گل عليپور، يونس ،همكار طرح , محمدزاد، وليالله ،همكار طرح , سپهداري، ابوالفضل ،همكار طرح , اسلامي، مريم ،همكار طرح , آفتابگرد، مريم ،همكار طرح , يوسفي، سپيده ،همكار طرح , مهدي زاده،علي ،همكار طرح , موذن زاده، كادوسا ،همكار طرح , جامي، محمدجواد ،همكار طرح , ساحلي، مرتضي ،همكار طرح , جنابي، رضوانه ،همكار طرح
چكيده انگليسي :
Abstract
Six experiments were conducted to Study of optimization of the diet with the aim of enhancing growth indicators, improving the growth, nutrient utilization, carcass compositions and haematological- biochemical parameters and enhancing the immune system of cultured Salmo trutta caspius.
In the first experiment, the effects of dietary protein levels on growth, carcass biochemical composition, apparent digestibility coefficient in Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius were investigated. The present study was carried out in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets containing five different dietary levels of protein which included 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% and 15 fish per replication of each with an initial weight of 4.85 ± 0.45 g for 105 days. Average oxygen concentration and water temperature were 7.6 ± 0.68 mg L-1 and 17.7 ± 1.5 °C, respectively, throughout the experimental period. Higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor were significantly observed in groups fed diet with 40 and 45% protein compared to diets content 35 and 55 % protein. Feed efficiency ratio in treatments fed 35 and 55 % protein were significantly higher than those of fish fed 40 and 45% dietary protein levels (P≤ 0.05). Caracas compositions such as crude protein, crude lipid and moisture were significantly affected by protein levels. In the present study, the crude protein composition increased with the increasing dietary protein levels, whereas crude lipid and moisture composition decreased with the increasing dietary protein levels. Therefore, it can be cocluded that increased levels of protein in the diets for juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) up to 40 and 45% improved growth performance, feed utilization parameter and economic aspect.
In the second experiment, This study aimed demonstrating the effects of total and 50% dietary fish oil replacement by canola oil on growth performance, carcass analysis, some blood parameters and serology in 135 juvenile Caspian Sea Salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) (4.25 ± 0.68 g) for 60 days. Triplicate groups of 15 fish in 9 fiber glass tank held under identical culture conditios (14.7 ± 1.5 ° C, aerated, dissolved oxygen was 7.6 ± 0.86 mg / l, 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod) were fed three times daily. Three diets were formulated to replace dietary fish oil containing the same protein level 43% and fat levels of 14% by canola oil (100% fish oil, 100% canola oil and 50% fish oil with 50% canola oil). Fish fed with 50% fish oil and 50% canola oil diets had significant differences on growth performance with other treatments (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio, was significant difference in all treatments and the highest amount was observed in 100% fish oil treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant differences on survival rate, protein, fat and carcass moisture content.The levels of liver enzymes (LDH and ALT, ALP, AST) were significantly higher in 100% fish oil than other treatments. The amount of liver enzymes in treatments containing canola oil was less than treatment with fish oil. Canola oil improved the immune system and enzymes. The result showed that replaced 50% fish oil with 50% canola oil in the diet was a suitable dietary lipid source for Caspian Sea salmon and the positive effect on growth indices and it can reduce costs by reducing the length of the breeding season.
In the thired experiment, The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soy lecithin on some growth parameters, immunity, hematological, serology, activity of antioxidant and digestive enzymes and intestinal tissue in Salmo trutta caspius. For this purpose, 150 fish (350 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 5 treatments (each with 3 replicates). Fish of the first group (control) only with base food base plus 12% soybean oil, Group 2 basic food plus 9% soy oil and 3% lecithin, Group 3 basic food plus 6% soy oil and 6% lecithin, Group 4 basic food plus 3% soy oil and 9% lecithin and fifth group of dietary supplement plus 12% lecithin was fed for 103 days. The results showed that control treatment in the second weight index and final weight gain with the remaining treatments and in the index of specific growth factor with 9 and 12% lecithin treatment had a significant difference. WBC in control group had a significant difference in treatments with 3 and 6% lecithin. In HDL, control group was treated with 9 and 12 lecithin treatment and there was a significant difference in control cholesterol with 3% lecithin. Also there was no significant difference in other groups. and control group had a significant difference in complement factor with groups 9 and 12% lecithin. The SOD and GST enzymes in the 12% lecithin group had a significant difference with the control. Also, the activity of digestive enzymes including protease, amylase and lipase was significantly increased by adding lecithin to the diet. Indicators of the intestinal tissue, such as the height and diameter of the intestinal parenchyma, internal and external muscle thicknessand epithelium increased by adding lecithin to the diet. Therefore, use of lecithin as a dietary supplement of 9% in growth, immunity, hematological and biochemical data, in salmon ration is recommended due to its positive effects and improving physiological parameters of Caspian Sea salmon
In the forth experiment, A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of betaine on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass compositions and haematological- biochemical parameters in Salmo trutta caspius fed a plant-protein based diet. 180 fish with average weight of 9.7 ± 0.59 g were fed the plant-protein basal diet, the basal diet with 1.4 & 2.8% betaine supplementation, or a fishmeal-based diet (control) for 11 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in fish fed the betaine-supplemented diet (1.4 & 2.8%) as well as control diet than in fish fed the basal diet. The lowest and highest whole body protein and lipid concentrations were significantly found in the fish fed by basal diet. Lysozyme activity and IgM (Total Immunoglobulin) of serum of those fish fed the basal diet with 2.8% betaine supplementation, or a fishmeal-based (control) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) than in fish fed the basal diet. Based on the results of this study, could be said that increased levels of 2.8 % of betaine is an effective feeding stimulant that can be enhanced the palatability and intake of plant-protein based diets for Salmo trutta caspius, improved growth performance, feed utilization, haematological- biochemical parameters and apparent digestibility coefficient.
In the sixth experiment, This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of Choline on the growth performance (WG, SGR, FCR, CF, PER and HIS), Carcass Compositions, and Haematological (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH) of Caspian salmon (salmo trutta caspius). A 10 weeks feeding trial was conducted in 270 Caspian salmon (salmo trutta caspius) (initial mean body weight, 8.82±0.38 g) to determine the amount of Experimental diets were also prepared by adding levels of choline 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg the basal diet (Control, Cho250، Cho500, Cho1000 and Cho2000) to evaluate growth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological parameters. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, protein efficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (750-1000 mg/kg-1) were significantly higher than fish fed with other diets. With increasing choline in fish diet, whole body lipid and protein content significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 750-1000 mg/kg-1choline to diet caused a significant diference in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH), compared with control treatment and 2000 mg/kg-1.The results showed a significant increase in growth parameters and optimal carcasscomposition of Caspian salmon, the most suitable amount of choline is 750-1000 mg/kg-1in the fish diet(p<0.05). The results of this study indicated growth performance, liver enzymes, decreased in the whole body with increasing dietary Choline leve up to 1000 mg/kg-1 enzymesin Caspian salmon. The One-Way ANOVA analyze method using feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG) data allowed us to estimate that the maximum Choline requirement in Caspian salmon(salmo trutta caspiushas) diets was between 750 and 1000 mg/kg-1.
