مروري بر نظريه يادگيري اسكينر

A review of Skinner s learning theory

اسكينر بر اين باور بود كه يادگيري نقش بي بديلي در بروز رفتارها و شكل گيري شخصيت افراد دارد و مي توان با يادگيري رفتارها و شخصيت افراد را تغيير داد. بر همين اساس شناخت و يا كشف قوانين يادگيري كليد شناخت رفتار انسان ها است. يكي از مهمتريت واحدهاي ساختاري در اين نظريه، پاسخ است و يك پاسخ توانانيي توانايي تغيير از يك بازتاب ساده تا يك رفتار پيچيده را دارد. ولي آنچه كه در تعريف پاسخ نبايد مورد غفلت واقع گردد اين است كه پاسخ رفتار بيروني و قابل مشاهده را نشان داده و به رويدادهاي محيطي ربط داده مي شود. همچنين اسكينر بر اين باور بود كه مي توان تمام رفتارهاي موجودات را به وسيله پيامدهاي آن رفتارها كنترل و حتي پيش بيني كرد. بر همين اساس معتقد بود كه رفتارهاي اجتماعي انسان نيز صرفاً بر اساس تحريكات محيطي پديد نمي آيند، بلكه اگر محيط آنها را مورد تقويت قرار دهد، پابرجا باقي خواهند ماند. همچنين وي بيان مي كند كه رفتار به وسيله متغيرهايي كنترل مي شود كه بيرون از ارگانيسم قرار دارند و صرفاً محيطي هستند. اگرچه در نظريه اسكينر تفكر فرايندي پنهان و پيچيده به شمار مي رود و همچنين تداعي آزاد و فنون فرافكن داراي جايگاهي نيست، و رفتارهاي انسان را نتيجه تقويت هاي پيشين مي داند، اما توجه به فرايند آموزش و پرورش داراي ارزش فراواني است. همچنين در قياس با بسياري از پژوهشگران ديگر يادگيري، نظام اسكينر كاملاَ روشن است و قابليت كاربست در مسائل فراوان از تربيت حيوانات گرفته تا درمان مبتني بر تغيير رفتار را شامل مي شود.

Skinner believed that learning has a unique role in emerging people’s behaviors and forming their personality and they can change the people’s personality through learning behaviors. Therefore recognizing or exploring learning rules is the key to know the people’s behavior. One of the most important structural units in this theory is the response and a response has the capability to be changed from a simple feedback to a complex behavior; however what which shouldn’t be neglected is that the response shows an external and observable response and is related to the environmental events. Moreover Skinner believed that all creatures’ behaviors can be controlled and even predicted through their outcomes. Based on that, he believed that the human’s social behaviors are not merely created by environmental stimulations, but if the environment reinforces them they will remain. Further, he states that the behavior is controlled via environmental variables which are outside the organism and are solely environmental. Although process thinking is considered hidden and complex in Skinner’s view and there is no place for free association and projection techniques and he assumes human’s behavior the result of previous reinforcements, attending to education process is of high value. Besides, compared to many other researchers in the field of learning, Skinner’s view is totally clear and is able to be applied in different issues from animals’ training to behavior-alteration-based treatment. Key words: learning, behavior, Skinner theory Skinner believed that learning has a unique role in emerging people’s behaviors and forming their personality and they can change the people’s personality through learning behaviors. Therefore recognizing or exploring learning rules is the key to know the people’s behavior. One of the most important structural units in this theory is the response and a response has the capability to be changed from a simple feedback to a complex behavior; however what which shouldn’t be neglected is that the response shows an external and observable response and is related to the environmental events. Moreover Skinner believed that all creatures’ behaviors can be controlled and even predicted through their outcomes. Based on that, he believed that the human’s social behaviors are not merely created by environmental stimulations, but if the environment reinforces them they will remain. Further, he states that the behavior is controlled via environmental variables which are outside the organism and are solely environmental. Although process thinking is considered hidden and complex in Skinner’s view and there is no place for free association and projection techniques and he assumes human’s behavior the result of previous reinforcements, attending to education process is of high value. Besides, compared to many other researchers in the field of learning, Skinner’s view is totally clear and is able to be applied in different issues from animals’ training to behavior-alteration-based treatment.