Robust possibilistic programming for pollution-routing problem with flexible time-window constraint

Thetransport sector is the largest consumer of energy, chiefly in form of oil products. Thus, maintaining efficiency while considering increasingly environmental concerns of transport systems has become a challenging objective in the past years. This paper addresses the environmental impacts of CO2 emissions in vehicle routing problem under demand uncertainty and time window flexibility by proposing a robust possibilistic programming model. The model was tested to demonstrate the advantages of the robust technique and time window flexibility in terms of providing reliable and environmentally friendly solutions. Finally, an analysis is conducted to evaluate and develop managerial implications