Introduction on life style and applicability review of Gammarus especially for aquaculture in Kurdistan province

Introduction on life style and applicability review of Gammarus especially for aquaculture in Kurdistan province

Gammarus species are a diverse group of amphipod crustaceans in family of Gammaridae. More than 200 species of Gammarus occur across the inland and coastal waters. This species prefers unpolluted, clear, cold waters, including springs, streams, pools, ponds, and lakes. They prefer highly oxygenated, shallow, still areas, with lots of vegetation or debris for coverage, as they tend to avoid light. Amphipod crustaceans of the genus Gammarus are common throughout much of the world and are almost universally characteristic of the surface waters of northern Eurasia and America. Based on some parameters in life cycle of Gammarus we can culture this Amphipod. The salinity and temperature ranges of this species were 4–31% and 7–29 °C and the ubiquitous and abundant gammaridean amphipods are critically important in aquatic ecosystem. Increased amphipod density and biomass during summer and autumn coincided with high sediment chlorophyll a. concentration, yet density and biomass in winter fluctuated widely despite consistently high chlorophyll a Decreases in density and biomass from August to February generally coincided with high month-to-month variation in salinity, whereas increases in density and biomass occurred when month-to-month salinity variation was relatively low. Gammarus are suitable organisms to use in laboratory and field Eco-toxicological studies and they have been used to investigate chemical stressors for more than 88 years. A new Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline for testing of chemicals is under construction, which will consist of a variety of in situ and ex- situ Eco-toxicological studies upon gammarids. Based on various measurement parameters and other applications this organism is utilized in enrichment and most important usage for feeding fishes in aquaculture. In the other hand, we can review all factors and conditions for best using of Gammarus in aquaculture with these points. Kurdistan Province with lots of cold-water resources has several cold-water fish farms. Based on valuable Characteristics Gammarus, we can use some species in aquatic ecosystem of Kurdistan province for aquaculture and cold-water fish feeding.

Gammarus species are a diverse group of amphipod crustaceans in family of Gammaridae. More than 200 species of Gammarus occur across the inland and coastal waters. This species prefers unpolluted, clear, cold waters, including springs, streams, pools, ponds, and lakes. They prefer highly oxygenated, shallow, still areas, with lots of vegetation or debris for coverage, as they tend to avoid light. Amphipod crustaceans of the genus Gammarus are common throughout much of the world and are almost universally characteristic of the surface waters of northern Eurasia and America. Based on some parameters in life cycle of Gammarus we can culture this Amphipod. The salinity and temperature ranges of this species were 4–31% and 7–29 °C and the ubiquitous and abundant gammaridean amphipods are critically important in aquatic ecosystem. Increased amphipod density and biomass during summer and autumn coincided with high sediment chlorophyll a. concentration, yet density and biomass in winter fluctuated widely despite consistently high chlorophyll a Decreases in density and biomass from August to February generally coincided with high month-to-month variation in salinity, whereas increases in density and biomass occurred when month-to-month salinity variation was relatively low. Gammarus are suitable organisms to use in laboratory and field Eco-toxicological studies and they have been used to investigate chemical stressors for more than 88 years. A new Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline for testing of chemicals is under construction, which will consist of a variety of in situ and ex- situ Eco-toxicological studies upon gammarids. Based on various measurement parameters and other applications this organism is utilized in enrichment and most important usage for feeding fishes in aquaculture. In the other hand, we can review all factors and conditions for best using of Gammarus in aquaculture with these points. Kurdistan Province with lots of cold-water resources has several cold-water fish farms. Based on valuable Characteristics Gammarus, we can use some species in aquatic ecosystem of Kurdistan province for aquaculture and cold-water fish feeding.