پديدآورندگان :
ﺑﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎن، ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ مدرس - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻣﻌﻤﺎري - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري، ايران , ﺻﺎرﻣﯽ، ﺣﻤﯿﺪرﺿﺎ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ مدرس - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻣﻌﻤﺎري - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري، ايران , اﺣﻤﺪﻧﮋاد، ﻣﻬﺮان داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮوﺟﺮد , رﺿﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎدي، ﺣﻤﯿﺪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮوﺟﺮد
كليدواژه :
ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺳﺎري , ادﻟﻪ ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري , ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ , اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا , ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ
چكيده فارسي :
ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ، ﻫﻤﻮاره داراي ارزش و ﻣﻘﺎﻣﯽ واﻻ و داراي ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮد ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺄواي اﯾﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد اﺳﺘﻮارﻧﺪ، در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮان ﻗﺒﻞ و ﭘﺲ از اﺳﻼم( داراي ﺣﺮﻣﺖ و ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ. ﻧﻘﺶ و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ و دﺳﺘﻮرات دﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ اﺳﻼم و ﮔﺮاﯾﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﺮدم اﯾﺮان زﻣﯿﻦ، ﺑﺮ ﻫﯿﭻ ﮐﺲ ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﭘﯿﺮﻧﯿﺎ در ﮐﺘﺎب ﺳﺒﮏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، ازﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دروﻧﮕﺮا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﯾﺎد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻧﻮع دروﻧﮕﺮا، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.آﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺘﻨﺪ؟آﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دروﻧﮕﺮا واﺟﺪ ارزش واﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﮐﺪاﻣﻨﺪ؟ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﮐﺪاﻣﻨﺪ؟ ﺿﺮورت اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ رو ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ وﺳﺎزﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ در آن ﺑﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻃﺒﻘﺎت واﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮي از ﺳﻄﺢ اﺷﻐﺎل وﺗﺮاﮐﻢ اﺻﺮارﻓﺮاوان دارﻧﺪ،آﺷﮑﺎر اﺳﺖ.ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ در ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا اﺳﺖ.ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﺪادي ازﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اي از ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎي واﻗﻊ در اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل وﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﮐﻪ از ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا اﺳﺖ،ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮردي در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ را در ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار داده و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺳﻔﺎرﺷﺎت دﯾﻦ اﺳﻼم و از ﺳﻮﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﻨﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، ﻟﺰوم آن رادرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا واﮐﺎوي ﮐﻨﺪ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ازﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮور، واﮐﺎوي و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد درراﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ازﺷﯿﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﻋﻢ از اﺳﻨﺎدي وﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.درﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي، ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮي ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه وﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ وﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ازﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان، ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﻈﺮان و آﯾﺎت ورواﯾﺎت اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.درﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﺣﻀﻮردرﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺎري وﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ دراﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﯾﻢ.از ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﺑﺼﺮي درﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮا واراﺋﻪ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ دراﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد.از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ورودي،ﻫﺸﺘﯽ،داﻻن،ﺣﯿﺎط ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺼﻮر،ﺑﺎزﺷﻮﻫﺎ،ﻧﻤﺎي ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ و ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯽ اﺳﺖ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮاﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻋﺪم ﻣﺤﺮﻣﯿﺖ را ﺣﻞ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد، اﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺨﺮب ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ازﻋﺪم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ در ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوزي شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Family as the smallest member of society, always have Value, high position and privacy. Houses, as the position of this steady institution, also had been dignity and privacy (before and after Islam). Role of privacy in life according to teachings and commands of Islam and cultural affiliations of the people in Iran, is no secret to anyone. Pirnia in book of the styles of Iranian architecture, defines the introverted houses as privacy examples. Extroverted houses are known as symbols of privacy less than introverted types. Are extrovert houses without privacy? Is Privacy in extrovert houses have the same value and credibility such as introverted houses? What are the privacy examples in extroverted houses? What are the privacy patterns in extroverted houses? The necessity of this research due to the growing trend of new construction and insists on increasing the number of floors, occupancy levels and building density, is obvious. The purpose of this research is familiarity about effective patterns of privacy in extroverted houses. For this purpose, a number of historic houses in Sari, as examples of a building with extroverted architecture located in a temperate humid climate, elected. This research seeks to analysis privacy patterns in traditional extroverted houses, in order to recognizing the need for privacy in extroverted houses, according to important of orders in Islam and rich culture of Iranian. Research method is descriptive – analytical which has been used for the subject under discussion with review and analysis from records of existing studies. For this study, conventional methods of data collection has been used. In section of library studies, theoretical studies of the subject have been reviewed and implications of privacy are extracted from the books of scholars, pundits and verses and Islamic traditions. In surveys by attending in historical context of Sari and analysis of studied houses, we have studied the examples of privacy in these houses. The findings of this study is identifying factors affecting visual privacy and offering privacy patterns in extroverted houses. The parameters of privacy are entrance, vestibule, corridor, enclosed courtyard, openings, exterior facade and hierarchy of access. Obviously, however this will not solve all the problems caused by lack of privacy, but it can reduce the damaging effects of the lack of privacy in the house today.
