ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي: ﻣﺮور ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ اﻧﻮاع روشﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﭘﻨﻬﺎن

Improving crop nutritional quality: a brief overview of biofortification methods to tackle hidden hunger

ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﯾﺎ زﯾﺴﺖﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ، ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪارﺗﺮﯾﻦ روشﻫﺎ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﭘﻨﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ و ﻫﺪف آن ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺻﻔﺎت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﺟﻬﺎن، ﺳﻪ روش اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن وﺟﻮد دارد: () 1 روشﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﯾﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ژن، () 2 روشﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﯽ و () 3 روشﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ. زﯾﺴﺖﻏﻨﯽ ﺳﺎزي ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺟﻬﺶ، اﺻﻼح ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ، اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ژن و ﻫﯿﺒﺮﯾﺪاﺳﯿﻮن ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﮑﯽ، روش ﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﻣﺘﺪاول در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻮﺗﺎﯾﭙﯿﻨﮓ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روشﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻣﻐﺬي ارﻗﺎم ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و روشﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ و ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ روزاﻓﺰون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ در ﺟﻬﺎن و ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ روشﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و از ﺳﻮﯾﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع زﯾﺴﺖ ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي در ﺟﻬﺎن و ﺑﺨﺼﻮص اﯾﺮان، ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ دارد ﺗﺎ ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ اﻧﻮاع روشﻫﺎي ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي در راﺳﺘﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﭘﻨﻬﺎن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺨﺶ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺑﭙﺮدازد.

Biological fortification or biofortification is one of the best, cost-effective and sustainable approaches to respond to hidden hunger. The aim of biofortification is modifying the nutritional quality of plants. There are three main approaches in the world for plant biofortification: (1) biotechnology or transgenic, (2) breeding, and (3) agronomic. In the past years, these three approaches have had a considerable role in enhancing the quality of plants through the following ways: Transgenic biofortification through mutation, molecular modification, gene transfer and somatic hybridization, conventional breeding methods combined with advanced phenotyping techniques, biotechnological methods and new bred cultivars, agronomic methods through the application of mineral fertilizers and microorganisms. During recent years a great emphasis is being laid on food quality and biofortification is one of the novel and applicable issues in response to quality improvement in the world and especially in Iran country. Therefore, this paper aims to give a brief overview of the different approaches of biofortification and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages environmentally and economically