ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﻔﻘﻮده در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر

Sustainable use of Biodiversity, the missing link in the national genetic resources conservation programs

اﯾﺮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﻏﻨﯽ ﺟﻬﺎن از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. در ﮔﺰارﺷﺎت ﮐﻤﯿﺴﯿﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻏﺬا و ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺧﻮارﺑﺎر ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﮕﺎداﯾﻮرس ﺟﻬﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻔﺼﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺎارزش در دﺳﺖ اﺟﺮا دارد. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺑﯿﺶ از 170 ﻫﺰار ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﺑﺎﻧﮏﻫﺎي ژن، 500 ﻫﺰار ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺮﺑﺎرﯾﻮﻣﯽ و ﻫﺰاران ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻧﺪه در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺑﺎﻏﺎت ﮐﻠﮑﺴﯿﻮن ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺣﻔﻆ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻨﺤﺎل اﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ را ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺷﺪت ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ، ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﭘﺎﯾﺪار از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل و ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﭘﺎﯾﺪار از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از روشﻫﺎ و ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ.ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ ﺧﺎرج از اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﯾﺎ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ داراي ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮات ﺷﺪﯾﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﻧﻮآوري در ﻋﻠﻢ و ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ داراي ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ روشﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﺒﻮده و از ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﭘﺬﯾﺮﻧﺪ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ را ﺑﯽاﺛﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ و ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ در ﯾﮏ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﭘﺎﯾﺪار از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺠﺎي ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل و ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ.

Iran is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of genetic diversity. Iran is listed as the 17th mega-divers country in the world according to FAO Reports. On this basis, Iran has detailed plans to protect these valuable genetic resources. At present, several efforts have been made to conserve the genetic diversity of crops by collecting and storing more than 170,000 plant accessions in gene banks, 500,000 herbarium specimens, and thousands of living specimens in botanical gardens and collection gardens. However, these activities have so far weak to meet the program's expectations for conservation of the country's genetic resources.The erosion of genetic resources is still greater than the capacity of these efforts. An effective program for the conservation and exploitation of genetic resources includes three components of conservation of genetic resources, the development of sustainable use of genetic resources, and the control and monitoring of drivers of change of biodiversity. Sustainable use of genetic resources involves a set of methods and systems while utilizing resources to increase agricultural production it is also environmentally friendly and ensures biodiversity conservation in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, there are several drivers outside of agricultural ecosystems that have severe effects on agricultural genetic diversity. Economic and social factors, environmental factors, science and technology developments, and political conditions are some drivers that occur outside the field but have positive or negative effects on the erosion of genetic resources. Since these drivers are not influenced by genetic resource conservation programs and are not affected by farm production systems, neglecting these factors can undermine or drastically reduce genetic resource conservation programs. Therefore, a national strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources should focus on developing sustainable methods of genetic resource utilization as well as controlling and monitoring external drivers affecting genetic diversity.