Author/Authors :
Örük, Güzide Gonca Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi - Atatürk Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Turkey , Bahçeci, Mitat Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi - Atatürk Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Turkey
Abstract :
Thyroid and parathyroid disease is widely observed in the population, and they are diagnosed more easily related with the developing of the laboratory methods and their widespread usage. Thyroid and parathyroid hormone exert various effects on neuromuscular system. Common thyroid and parathyroid disorders present with reversible neurologic signs and symptoms affecting the central and peripheral nervous system, musculature, and mental function. In the presence of hyperthyroidism, muscular and neurological symptoms may be the presenting clinical complaints of the disease. The frequency and severity of neuromuscular complications vary considerably and are probably related to the degree of hyperthyroidism. Patients with thyrotoxicosis may have myopathy, spasticity and multiple psychiatric symptoms. On the contrary, a deficiency of thyroid hormone also causes muscle weakness and may be accompanied by reversible muscle hypertrophy, contractures, fatigue or movement disorders. The chronic hypercalcemia that develops secondary to hyperparathyroidism produces many psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, as well as a reversible myopathy. Calcium deficiency leads to neuromuscular irritability, paresthesias, and tetany. The patients who have symptoms regarding thyroid and parathyroid disease frequently attend to neurology, psychiatry, physical rehabilitation and orthopedics outpatient clinics mistakenly because of neuromuscular system findings, and if the patients are not evaluated and diagnosed appropriately, treatment is delayed or the patients can receive improper treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most common neurological and muscular system findings in thyroid and parathyroid disease and in the presence of these findings, thyroid and parathyroid disease should be kept in mind for differential diagnosis.
