Theory of primary networks part I-a study of voltage regulation and load distribution on primary networks

This paper presents solutions of practical operating problems of primary networks under normal and abnormal conditions. The general principles involved in network design are established. Charts are given which show in terms of elementary network data the load distribution in the network under various emergency conditions. Three simple equations involving only well known system constants are given which will enable the distribution engineer to determine the proper setting of the compensator and contact-making voltmeter to insure (1) that circulating currents shall be reduced to a minimum, (2) that overcompounding to secure proper voltage regulation shall be adequate, and (3) that any normal unbalance in load shall be reduced to a minimum. Other practical problems are discussed and answered. An exact mathematical analysis of the general regulated network is given in the Appendix. This analysis is broad in scope and has evident applications other than the particular one with respect to primary networks as considered here. The paper has been written to meet the requirements of operating engineers responsible for system networks. The results given here are substantiated by theoretical calculations, calculating board analyses and test data on actual systems in operation, and cover all practical conditions of steady state operation. A subsequent paper will consider the primary network problems involved in short-circuit and relay studies.