Special Feature: Nanoprogramming vs. Microprogramming

Vertical microprogramming (or, as others say, functional microprogramming or firmware) was introduced in contrast with Wilkes´ microprogramming (generally called horizontal or structural microprogramming), and has greatly enhanced the use of microprogramming in control design and implementation. As applied today, the former technique is not yet a way of designing control structures, but an additional software level whose implications in the system are not well clarified.