Definition of residual error model for network analyser measurements

The measurement of S parameters with a network analyser is affected by both systematic and random errors. Several error models exist for systematic errors. A similar model is proposed to evaluate the random errors which affect the measured values of S parameters when systematic errors have been extracted. This error model is independent of the measured DUT and characterises only the sensitivity of a given calibration procedure to random error. A simulation on a TRL calibration is shown as an example.